Art and Architecture of Africa-Identification of terms Assignment

Art and Architecture of Africa-Identification of terms - Assignment Example It was common with ancient Egypt. It came to use under the kingdom of pharaoh Sneferu (Crouch, 34). In architecture, zoomorphic architecture refers to architecture that, designs tend to build buildings in resemblance of animals. In other contexts, it pertains to deity or being conceived in the form of an animal. In abstract terms, it represents or uses animal forms. Bet Medhane is a name that revolves around the ability of a person to possess tools to become an original person with a highly creative approach. Therefore, it is essential in art as much as originality is. Verdite is the name given to the two types of green stones found in South Africa, which are used in curving sculptures (PALMER, 5). Ankh is also known as the key of life and was associated with ancient Egypt as a representative of eternal life. Afo-A-Komis a wooden sculpture that was curved as sacred sculpture among the Kom people one of the tribes found in Cameroon (Kostof, 46). Wattle and Daub, on the other hand, refers to a building material used in making walls. It is important in architecture as it involve woven lattice of wooden strips in making beautiful walls. A white lady is a female ghost who has been known to be seen in rural areas across the world and associated with a local tragedy (Begg, 35). It forms part of modern art in acting and stage show movies. Apedemak refe rs to a lion headed warrior god who was known as one of the gods of the Nubia among the Meroitic

Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

Declaration of Independence Essay Thomas Jefferson effectively uses anaphora and asyndeton to declare the separation of the British Colonies from British rule in the Declaration of Independence. The use of â€Å"We† in the Declaration of Independence represents the concrete will of the American People to take action in an effort to remedy the many grievances of the colonies against the British Crown. Thomas Jefferson incorporates the idea that the colonies were united in their cause: Independence from the British monarchy. The constant repetition of the anaphora becomes more and more serious until Jefferson declares, â€Å"We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and Hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind. † His emphasis on the fact that this document represents the will of the people to take actions immediately against King George III for denouncing their separation reinforces the colonies’ aspiration for their own independent country in the strongest way possible. As a united country, the United States is bound to have its own policy and way of government. Jefferson implies â€Å"that as Free and Independent states, they have full power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce† like any other independent state. The asyndeton stresses the contrasting ideas between a monarchial country and a democratic country; it helps to build the colonies as an ideal society in the eyes of the reader in an attempt to garner support from both the many intellectuals and politicians in Europe and the entirety of the population of the colonies. The goal was to obtain military and monetary support from abroad and loyalty at home by appealing to the readers’ sense of unity. The Declaration of Independence, a list of many grievances for independence, criticizes the British King’s imbalanced rule and policy over the American Colonies. Thomas Jefferson uses passion and logic devices to depict King George III as a corrupt leader among American Leaders and supporters. Jefferson states that the king â€Å"has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. † When Jefferson gets to this section of the declaration he lists out the many grievances of the colonials. However, he does not make a simple list. Instead, he uses repetition and extreme specificity to describe every crime committed. This not only makes the list seem longer, but also depict the King as a beast bullying his feeble victim. The over exaggeration of this line is essentially propaganda against the King, creating a common hatred of King George III among all the American people. The Declaration of Independence also logically discusses the King’s crime in the American Colonies. The King â€Å"has kept†¦standing armies without the consent of† it’s â€Å"legislatures† and â€Å"for Quartering large bodies of armed troops among† them. These logical accusations present the king as a common enemy among the American people and abroad. Jefferson appeals to both a reader’s logic and passion in vilifying King George III and fanning the flames of rebellion. He gives specific examples of the King’s crimes, while phrasing them in an extremely emotionally charged manner. A passionate idea forms when reading the declaration of independence, and it serves as the catalyst of an all out war for American Independence is the ignition of a all out war for America’s Independence.

black and blue Essay -- essays research papers

Black and Blue 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why did Fran terminate her relationship with Bobby? What do you think enabled her to do so? In the novel Black and Blue, Fran terminated her relationship with her husband Bobby because he was physically abusive towards her. Fran had started dating Bobby when she was just a bare age of nineteen years old. I feel when teenagers â€Å"fall in love† they fall hard and become attached too quickly. In the novel it said that Fran loved Bobby, but I feel it was more of the feeling about wanting to love someone than actually loving Bobby. Before Fran could make her decision to leave Bobby, it took her seventeen long years. She also suffered through a broken collar bone, a broken nose, and a really big broken heart. Another reason why I think it took Fran seventeen years to leave Bobby, because there was always a thought in the back of her mind that no matter how far she went or where she went, he would always find her. I think what finally enabled Fran to get away was Patty, because she made Fran realize that it would be the safest thing for her to do. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Describe Fran’s personality characteristics. Was she the same person at the beginning and the end of the story? If not, how do you think she changed? What characteristics do you think may have played a role in her getting involved with Bobby in the first place? Which helped her leave? In the beginning of the story Fran was independent. She attended nursing ...

What is swatch

Marketing planning – Introduction Author: Jim Riley Last updated: Sunday 23 September, 2012 Introduction A plan is a way of achieving something. Your revision plan is a way of helping to achieve success in business studies exams. The Christmas present shopping list is a simpler example of a plan – a way of ensuring that no-one gets missed on 25 December. In business, It Is no different.If a business wants to achieve something, It Is more likely to do so with a well-constructed and realistic plan. What does planning involve? Planning involves: ? Setting objectives, quantifying targets for achievement, and communicating these targets to people responsible for achieving them Selecting strategies, tactics, programmes etc for achieving the objectives. The whole topic of planning brings with it some Important terminology that it is worth spending time getting to know well.You will come across these terms many times In your study of marketing (and business studies in general): Strategy Strategy is the method chosen to achieve goals and objectives Example: Our strategy is to grow sales and profits of our existing products and to broaden our business by ntroducing new products to our existing markets Tactics Tactics are the resources that are used in the agreed strategy Example: We will use our widespread distribution via UK supermarkets to Increase sales and existing products and Introduce new products Goals Goals concern what you are trying to achieve.Goals provide the â€Å"intention† that influence the chosen actions Marketing planning – values and vision Introduction to Values and Vision Values form the foundation of a business' management style. Values provide the Justlflcatlon of behaviour and, therefore, exert significant Influence on marketing decisions. hy are values Important in marketing? Many Japanese businesses have used the value system to provide the motivation to make them global market leaders.They have created an obsession about winning that is communicated at all levels of the business that has enabled them to take market share from competitors that appeared to be unassailable. For example, at the start of the 1970's Komatsu was less than one third the size of the market leader – Caterpillar – and relied on Just one line of smaller bulldozers for most of Its revenues. By the late 1980's it had passed Caterpillar as the world leader in earth-moving quipment.It had also adopted an aggressive diversification strategy that led it into markets such as industrial robots and semiconductors. If â€Å"values† shape the behaviour of a business, what is meant by â€Å"vision† and how does it relate to marketing planning? To succeed In the long term, businesses need a vision of how they will change and Improve In the future. The vlslon of the business gives It energy. strategy. What are the components of an effective business vision?Davidson identifies six requirements for success: â €“ Provides future direction – Expresses a consumer benefit – Is realistic – Is motivating Must be fully communicated – Consistently followed and measured Example: Our goal is to achieve market leadership in our existing markets Objectives Objectives are goals that can be quantified Examples: – We aim to achieve a market share of 20% in our existing markets – We aim to penetrate new markets by achieving a market share of at least 5% within 3 years – We aim to achieve sales of growth of 15% per annum with our existing products Aims Aims are goals that cannot be measured in a reliable way.However, they remain important as a means of providing direction and focus. Examples: We aim to delight ur customers Marketing Study Note Home I Latest Marketing Resources from the tutor2u Blog I Marketing Revision Quizzes Marketing Objectives Introduction to marketing objectives Let's face it. Of the four main functional areas ofa business, market ing has to be the most important! Marketing is at the heart of a business.Remember the definition of marketing: â€Å"The process of identifying, anticipating (predicting) and satisfying customer needs profitably' Almost every activity that a business undertakes can be linked back to this definition, whether it is: Raising finance to support an investment n new product development Introducing quality assurance and lean production to improve product profitability Training staff to improve customer service standards Ultimately, almost every functional activity or objective can be linked back to marketing.A similar picture emerges when you consider how corporate objectives link to the functional objectives for marketing. Typical corporate objectives might be to: Bea market leader within 5 years To grow market share by 5% in core markets To become the most trusted and recognised brand in our industry Each of these has a strong marketing element. Marketing objectives need to be seen as part of a hierarchy of objectives, in the sense that they are shaped and informed by the corporate objectives.A corporate objective influences a marketing objective, which in turn shapes the marketing strategies and marketing tactics employed: Marketing planning – the mission statement Mission A strategic marketing plan starts with a clearly defined business mission. Mintzberg defines a mission as follows: â€Å"A mission describes the organisation's basic function in society, in terms of the products and services it produces for its customers†. A clear business mission should ave each of the following elements: Taking each element of the above diagram in turn, what should a good mission contain? (1) A Purpose Why does the business exist?Is it to create wealth for shareholders? Does it exist to satisfy the needs of all stakeholders (including employees, and society at large? ) (2) A Strategy and Strategic Scope A mission statement provides the commercial logic for the business and so defines two things: – The products or services it offers (and therefore its competitive position) – The competences through which it tries to succeed and its method of competing A usiness' strategic scope defines the boundaries of its operations. These are set by management. For example, these boundaries may be set in terms of geography, market, business method, product etc.The decisions management make about strategic scope define the nature of the business. (3) Policies and Standards of Behaviour A mission needs to be translated into everyday actions. For example, if the business mission includes delivering â€Å"outstanding customer service†, then policies and standards should be created and monitored that test delivery. These might include onitoring the speed with which telephone calls are answered in the sales call centre, the number of complaints received from customers, or the extent of positive customer feedbackvia questionnaires. 4) Valu es and Culture The values of a business are the basic, often un-stated, beliefs of the people who work in the business. These would include: Business principles (e. g. social policy, commitments to customers) Loyalty and commitment (e. g. are employees inspired to sacrifice their personal goals for the good of the business as a whole? And does the usiness demonstrate a high level of commitment and loyalty to its staff? ) Guidance on expected behaviour – a strong sense of mission helps create a work environment where there is a common purpose What role does the mission statement play in marketing planning?In practice, a strong mission statement can help in three main ways: It provides an outline of how the marketing plan should seek to fulfil the mission It provides a means of evaluating and screening the marketing plan; are marketing decisions consistent with the mission? It provides an incentive to implement the marketing plan Marketing planning – the link with strate gy Businesses that succeed do so by creating and keeping customers. They do this by management constantly have to assess which customers they are trying to reach and how they can design products and services that provide better value (â€Å"competitive advantage†).The main problem with this process is that the â€Å"environment† in which businesses operate is constantly changing. So a business must adapt to reflect changes in the environment and make decisions about how to change the marketing mix in order to succeed. This process of adapting and decision-making is known as arketing planning. Where does marketing planning fit in with the overall strategic planning of a business? Strategic planning (which you will cover in your studies of â€Å"strategy' is concerned about the overall direction of the business.It is concerned with marketing, of course. But it also involves decision-making about production and operations, finance, human resource management and other bus iness issues. The objective of a strategic plan is to set the direction of a business and create its shape so that the products and services it provides meet the overall business objectives. Marketing has a key role to play in strategic planning, because it is the Job of marketing management to understand and manage the links between the business and the â€Å"environment†.Sometimes this is quite a straightforward task. For example, in many small businesses there is only one geographical market and a limited number of products (perhaps only one product! ). However, consider the challenge faced by marketing management in a multinational business, with hundreds of business units located around the globe, producing a wide range of products. How can such management keep control of marketing decision-making in such a complex ituation? This calls for well-organised marketing planning.What are the key issues that should be addressed in marketing planning? The following questions lie at the heart of any marketing (or indeed strategic) planning process: Where are we now? How did we get there? Where are we heading? Where would we like to be? How do we get there? Are we on course? Why is marketing planning essential? Businesses operate in hostile and increasingly complex environment. The ability of a business to achieve profitable sales is impacted by dozens of environmental factors, any of which are inter-connected.It makes sense to try to bring some order to this chaos by understanding the commercial environment and bringing some strategic sense to the process of marketing products and services. A marketing plan is useful to many people in a business. It can help to: Identify sources of competitive advantage Gain commitment to a strategy Get resources needed to invest in and build the business Inform stakeholders in the business Set objectives and strategies Measure performance justification of behaviour and, therefore, exert significant influence on marketing e cisions.Why are values important in marketing? Caterpillar – and relied on Just one line of smaller bulldozers for most of its revenues. markets such as industrial robots and semiconductors. If shape the marketing planning? To succeed in the long term, businesses need a vision of how they will change and improve in the future. The vision of the business gives it energy. It helps motivate employees. It helps set the direction of corporate and marketing providing better value for the customer than the competition. Marketing Marketing planning – values and vision

Local substance abuse: Atlanta, Georgia

Georgia Council on Abuse impact study states that 50% of all homicides and 62% of assaults is associated with substance abuse. Georgia’s population of 369,393 in 2003 statistics showed that 32.1% was composed by White and 59.3% by Black African American. In 2004 Atlanta was reported to have 151 homicides. 18% of aids in Atlanta were also found to be related to injection users. Substance abuse is defined to be the excessive use of a substance such as drugs, tobacco or cigarettes and alcohol for mood altering purposes. The profile of substance abuse in Atlanta seems to scare the national strategy on drug control. The third principle referring to disrupting the market may not be able to effectively invade the already ongoing drug war in the vicinity. I think there is a cross country need to look into the problem of intergenerational healing of families in Atlanta than just mean policies and intervention. Users of drug Methamphetamine (Meth), being readily available in Atlanta nightclubs, ranges from ages 13-30, White. Atlanta is defined to be the drug smuggling corridor of the east coast being the largest city in the South. Being the center for all East-West and North-South travel, it became a haven for most Mexican-based traffickers. Atlanta’s strategic location made it Georgia’s largest source of supply of Meth coming from Mexico, California, or Texas, from the lairs of Europe in transit for distribution to other states market. (ONDCP 2005). The Meth epidemic in Atlanta poses significant effect to socio cultural factors, state policy and programs for intervention. Atlanta is presently a major distribution hub for the crystal rock form of Meth commonly called as Mexican ice. The impact of the substance abuse epidemic on tobacco, alcohol, cocaine and other illegal drugs among infants delivered by users has significantly impede the quality of life in Georgia’s future generation being a recourse for open-air drug markets. Their quality of life is pretty disturbing to note that first use of drugs was reported to start as young as 12 years old due to parental permissiveness on drug use. Studies showed that parents were even underwriting keg parties for teenagers. This was their unique experimentation and response to providing safe drug alternatives among teenagers. This will also lessen potential dangers brought by drinking and driving. Somehow Georgia legislature in 1997 implementing stiffer penalties to teenagers driving while impaired by alcohol consumption has even increased the population for substance abusers in an unknowingly different way and at an unknowingly different rate. It was seen that parents who initiated such keg parties are the ones who grew up from a generation of high drug used. To illustrate more on the problem of substance abuse, the University of Georgia is now even planning to send creepy emails to all of its college students regarding the effects of Meth. The intensity of substance abuse and the insensitivity of the parents with diverse ethnic origins to adopt a new life from the neighborhood they knew were quite amazing and does coexist with the rampant drug trafficking Atlanta scenario. Interventions come in diverse approaches according to the needs of the individual and the situation of the state itself. Since 2000 Atlanta has been delving on the aid of local television advertisements regarding the harmful effects of drugs. A centralized phone number is then provided where calls were then referred to the appropriate centers or programs the caller needs according to the intensity of the abuse. The selection of drug rehab treatment and facility is ultimately based and tailor made depending on the choice of the patient. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) and the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) were the ones collecting data on different States for monitoring. TEDS provides information on the demographic and substance abuse characteristics based on annual admissions while N-SSATS provides data based on the location, characteristics and use of treatment facilities and services. TEDS is admission based and does not have the appropriate technology to monitor such admission based on the individual. It can count on an individual twice if it will be admitted twice in a row at that period of study. Knowing that substance abuse patient’s characteristics come and go from admissions to outpatients, the population generated by its study does not represent the true value of the population and is thereby misleading. TEDS is not capable of following an individual in their treatment episodes due to the confidentiality of assigning a unique ID identifier at State level. There is one big probability that the number of admissions population that was gathered by TEDS could mean the number of treatments an individual had not to mention cases of subsequent transfers done to different service types for a single treatment program. Promptness of reports also matters since late reports for that period will be integrated with the next period’s report. States continually review TEDS data and revisions may occur at any given time during the review even for a period of five years. N-SSATS on the other hand collects data from all known treatment facilities in voluntary form. The term voluntary itself would mean incomplete information.   (SAMHSA 2005). The local and national reports could well differ in terms of the population. Statistics is vital for use in the treatment and intervention programs that will be created by ONCDP for Atlanta. The unique ID identifier made by the State is good enough to track the substance abuse patient’s admissions and transfers. The report system of the facilities and the government is not integrated and does not support each other. The structure of their IT must be studied and immediately remedied to achieve appropriate data to be able to create appropriate measures for substance abuse control. References ONDCP. (2005). Atlanta, Georgia: Profile of drug indicators February 2005. Retrieved April 13, 2007 SAMHSA. (2005). Treatment Episode Data Sets (TEDS) and National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS). Quick statistics from the drug and alcohol services information system. Retrieved April 14, 2007 Website: http://wwwdasis.samhsa.gov/webt/tedsweb/tab_year.choose_year?t_state=GA         

Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company

Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company Introduction Mergers refer to business associations that involve two or more companies amalgamating to form a single business entity. Through mergers, companies can achieve greater levels of efficiency through exploitation of benefits that are associated with economies of scale as well as enabling the company to exploit new markets and freeze out competition from other firms in the same industry.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, Airbus, an aircraft manufacturing company based in France and Boeing, a US based aerospace company which is one of the largest in the world are interested in forming a merger. Through this business association, the two companies would reap benefits associated with economies of scale such as increased overall output and diversified markets which would consequently increasing profitabili ty and investment of the new entity. The new company would also gain from the popularity of the two companies in Europe, America and Asia hence marketing its services will be much easier across the world. However, careful corporate strategic negotiations are essential for the two companies to reap the benefits associated with company mergers failure to which may result in merger failure causing detrimental effects to the company. Companies should adhere to the general rules when engaging in mergers. First, both companies should hold open and extensive negotiations to ensure that the entire process promotes the interests and goals that the new entity wants to achieve. Both companies should critically analyze financial prospects and performance that allow them merge without posing the risk of future business failures. Both aerospace companies perform well financially in the industry and the merger is likely to succeed without risk of bankruptcy. Both companies should uphold trustworth iness to ensure credibility of the process especially through presentation of accurate financial records and other records required to justify the merger. Evaluating merger prospects In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the merger, Boeing company board of directors should appoint a special negotiation committee that is charged with the responsibility of evaluating and justifying the merger. The committee should be comprised of experienced and high integrity board members who should negotiate the terms of the merger with the team from Airbus Company.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The committee members and negotiators should ensure that the negotiation process yields the required results through identification and addressing the fundamental goals on the onset of the process in order to highlight the key issues relevant for the successful accomplishmen t of the merger (Kimathi Kimathi, 2010). The committee should seek expert assistance from competent advisors in addressing the key and major issues such as profitability and future projections of Airbus. These experts provide guidelines on complex issues such as financial evaluation, design and implementation of the merger as well as legal and taxation regulations (Kimathi Kimathi, 2009). Failure to consult experts on various fields may result to lack of credibility as well as biased and uninformed decision making by the Boeing negotiating committee. These members should be appointed in such a way that they do not portray any elements of conflict of interest to ensures that the committee decision is based on the corporate merits of the associations and not merely from external influences geared towards personal gain (Kimathi Kimathi, 2010). If an individual has potential gains from the business association between Boeing and Airbus, he should not be appointed as a negotiating mem ber since his decision may be biased. The committee should also assess the suitability of the deal by reviewing financial records of Airbus, management depth and succession, business plans and projections among other important information in order to make the decision as to appropriateness of the merger (Kimathi Kimathi, 2010). It should keep proper and accurate records for references during the process and should remain focused to the accomplishment of their task which striking the best financial deal with Airbus.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Merger Negotiations between Boeing and Airbus Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once the merger between Airbus and Boeing has been justified, extensive financial analysis of Airbus Company must be conducted. Through this process, problems may be detected that eliminates the company from further consideration of the merger. However, problems that can easily be rectified should not hinder the commencement of the process (Madura, 2006). Mergers often require a lot of money to finance since they may involve one firm purchasing the existing stock of another (Madura, 2010) hence the Boeing should assess whether it has available resources to finance the merger in order to go ahead with negotiations. Boeing Company and Air bus merger is justified on the grounds that both companies are in the same industry and dominate in terms of profitability. Merging the two companies would link the American and the European market as well creating the incentive to exploit the world market at large. It would also lead to increased profitability of the new establishment hence availing resources for investment and innovations in the aerospace industry. Process of Negotiating a Merger In order to negotiate effectively, I would ensure I have done adequate research on Airbus Company before hand. Collection and evaluation of information that is important in the n egotiation process as well as devising a defensive plan to protect sensitive information that may be required by Airbus Company but the company may not be legally required to submit it (James, 2007). The company should set realistic expectations from the merger to enable the negotiators insist on the company’s aspirations during negotiations and continually reassess them as new information from Boeing company is obtained through out the negotiating process (James, 2007). The negotiator should take control of the bidding process to ensure that the Boeing Company achieves the best realistic deal. As the lead negotiator I would ensure sustained credibility throughout the negotiation process (James, 2007). When a negotiator proposes a position he should be objective and should support himself with the appropriate rationales. He should also act within limits of time which have been reasonably set by both companies by avoiding wastage of time from the onset of negotiation process.A dvertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The negotiator should also be aggressive and upon determination that the deal is appropriate he should see to it that the merger is signed. He should actively participate in drafting of the contract to ensure that the interests of Boeing that negative issues do not crop up before the deal is concluded (James, 2007). As a negotiator, I would strongly uphold the values of Boeing Company. However I would also ensure that I am flexible such that I can accommodate values of Airbus Company. Factors that Hinder Effective Negotiations However, there are various issues that may render the negotiation process unsuccessful such as unreasonable preconditions whereby if the two CEOs cannot agree on division of power in the integrated business (James, 2007), Strategic leaks may destroys trusts among Boeing and Airbus and delay tactics employed by either of the companies to delay the process for calculated purposes. In addition, companies may use musical chairs whereby the negotiators are constant ly substituted leading to overall derailment of the process (James, 2007) Conclusion Merging business is a complex process that requires careful considerations by the companies involved. This is because it involves restructuring of various departments of both companies to fit the strategic plan of the new entity. In the event that Boeing and Air bus companies decide to merge, it is important for the two aerospace companies to follow the necessary procedure to asses the suitability of the merger to ensure its success. Reference List James, G. (2007). James Freund, ten rules of mergers and acquisitions bargaining, CBS Interactive. Web. James, G. (2007). Four common deal killers, CBS interactive. Web. Kimathi Kimathi, Corporate attorneys, (2009). Seven top strategies for negotiating a merger and acquisition transaction. Worldwide legal directories. Web. Madura, J. (2006). Introduction to business, New York: Cengage learning.

Civil Disobedience Essays - Civil Disobedience, Nonviolence

Civil Disobedience Essays - Civil Disobedience, Nonviolence Civil Disobedience Civil Disobedience Civil disobedience is the refusal to obey civil laws. This refusal is in the form of nonviolence. People who use civil disobedience are usually protesting a law that they think is unjust. Usually, they are also willing to accept any penalty like imprisonment. Henry David Thoreau was born in 1817 at Concord, Massachusetts. He was Educated at Harvard University. During his early years Henry spent most of his time walking in the wilderness or talking with his mentor and friend Ralph Waldo Emerson. In July of 1846, Henry needed his shoes which had holes in them repaired. After the cobbler repaired the shoes Henry exited the store and was approached by Sam Staples, the town constable. Sam asked Henry to pay his poll tax. Henry intentionally did not pay his taxes because the revenues were used to help finance the United States war with Mexico and supported the enforcement of slavery laws. Since Henry refused to pay, Sam Staples was required to take Henry to jail. Henry spent the night in jail. During that evening someone heard of Henry's problem and paid his taxes. Most people think that Henry's Aunt paid the taxes but no one knows for sure. When Henry found out that his tax had been paid, he was outraged . Henry argued that since he was not the one who paid the taxes he still deserved to be in jail. The night he spent in jail prompted Henry to write one of the most Famous essays in American history, On the duty of Civil Disobedience. Henry's book was published on September 6, 1847. Henry had a great impact on The lives of America's greatest leaders.

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou

The History of Human Interactions with Caribou Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, and known as caribou in North America), were among the last animals domesticated by humans, and some scholars argue that they still arent fully tame. There are currently about 2.5 million domesticated reindeer located in nine countries, and about 100,000 people occupied in tending them. That accounts for about half the total population of reindeer in the world. Social differences between reindeer populations show that domestic reindeer have an earlier breeding season, are smaller and have a less-strong urge to migrate than their wild relatives. While there are multiple subspecies (such as R. t. tarandus and R. t. fennicus), those subcategories include both domestic and wild animals. That is likely the result of continued interbreeding between domesticated and wild animals, and support of scholars contentions that domestication took place relatively recently. Reindeer Key Takeaways Reindeer were first domesticated in eastern Russia between 3000–1000 years agoThere are about 5 million reindeer on our planet, about half are domesticated todayArchaeological evidence shows reindeer were first hunted by humans during the Upper Paleolithic of about 45,000 years agoThe same species are called caribou in North America Why Domesticate a Reindeer? Ethnographic evidence from pastoral peoples of the Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic (such as the Sayan, Nenets, Sami, and Tungus) exploited (and still do) the reindeer for meat, milk, riding, and pack transport. Reindeer saddles used by ethnic Sayan appear to be derived from horse saddles of the Mongolian steppes; those used by Tungus are derived from Turkic cultures on the Altai steppe. Sledges or sleds drawn by draft animals, also have attributes that appear to be adapted from those used with  cattle or horses. These contacts are estimated to have occurred no longer ago than about 1000 BCE. Evidence for the use of sledges has been identified as long ago 8,000 years ago during the Mesolithic in the Baltic Sea basin of northern Europe, but they were not used with reindeer until much later. Studies on reindeer mtDNA completed by Norwegian scholar Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues identified at least two separate and apparently independent reindeer domestication events, in eastern Russia and Fenno-Scandia (Norway, Sweden, and Finland). Substantial interbreeding of wild and domestic animals in the past obscures DNA differentiation, but even so, the data continue to support at least two or three independent domestication events, probably within the past two or three thousand years. The earliest event was in eastern Russia; evidence for domestication in Fenno-Scandia suggests that domestication may not have occurred there until as late as the Medieval period. Reindeer / Human History Reindeer live in cold climates, and they feed mostly on grass and lichen. During the fall season, their bodies are fat and strong, and their fur is quite thick. The prime time for hunting reindeer, then, would be in the fall, when hunters could collect the best meat, strongest bones and sinews, and thickest fur, to help their families survive the long winters. Archaeological evidence of ancient human predation on reindeer includes amulets, rock art and effigies, reindeer bone and antler, and the remains of mass hunting structures. Reindeer bone and antler and artifacts made from them have been recovered from the French Upper Paleolithic sites of Combe Grenal and Vergisson, suggesting that reindeer were hunted at least as long ago as 45,000 years. Mass Reindeer Hunting Rock art of Alta (UNESCO World Heritage Site), petroglyphs in the Alta Fjord, Norway.   Ã‚  Manuel ROMARIS / Moment / Getty Images Two large mass hunting facilities, similar in design to desert kites, have been recorded in the Varanger peninsula of far northern Norway. These consist of a circular enclosure or pit with a pair of rock lines leading outward in a V–shape arrangement. Hunters would drive the animals into the wide end of the V and then down into the corral, where the reindeer would be slaughtered en masse or kept for a period of time. Rock art panels in the Alta fjord of northern Norway depict such corrals with reindeer and hunters, substantiating the interpretation of the Varanger kites as hunting corrals. Pitfall systems are believed by scholars to have been used beginning in the late Mesolithic (ca. 5000 BCE), and the Alta fjord rock art depictions date to approximately the same time, ~4700–4200 cal  BCE. Evidence for mass kills involving driving reindeer into a lake along two parallel fences built of stone cairns and poles has been found at four sites in southern Norway, used during the second half of the 13th century CE; and mass kills conducted this way are recorded in European history as late as the 17th century. Reindeer Domestication Scholars believe, for the most part, that it is unlikely that humans successfully controlled much of reindeer behavior or affected any morphological changes in reindeer until about 3000 years ago or so. It is unlikely, rather than certain, for a number of reasons, not the least because there is no archaeological site which shows evidence for the domestication of reindeer, at least as yet. If they exist, the sites would be located in the Eurasian Arctic, and there has been little excavation there to date. Genetic changes measured in Finnmark, Norway, were recently documented for 14 reindeer samples, consisting of faunal assemblages from archaeological sites dated between 3400 BCE to 1800 CE. A distinct haplotype shift was identified in the late medieval period, ca. 1500–1800 CE, which is interpreted as evidence of a shift to reindeer pastoralism. Why Werent Reindeer Domesticated Earlier? Why reindeer were domesticated so late is speculation, but some scholars believe that it may relate to the docile nature of reindeer. As wild adults, reindeer are willing to be milked and stay close to human settlements, but at the same time they are also extremely independent, and dont need to be fed or housed by humans. Although some scholars have argued that reindeer were kept as domestic herds by hunter-gatherers beginning the late Pleistocene, a recent study of reindeer bones dated from 130,000 to 10,000 years ago showed no morphological changes in reindeer skeletal material at all over that period. Further, reindeer are still not found outside their native habitats; both of these would be physical marks of domestication. In 2014,  Swedish biologists Anna Skarin and Birgitta Ã…hman reported a study from the reindeers perspective and conclude that human structures- fences and houses and the like- block the reindeers ability to range freely. Simply put, humans make reindeer nervous: and that may very well be why the human–reindeer domestication process is a difficult one. Recent Smi Research Indigenous Smi people began reindeer husbandry by the Medieval period, when the reindeer were used as a food source, but also for traction and carrying loads. They have been interested and actively involved in several recent research projects. Evidence for physical changes in reindeer bones caused by humans using them for load-pulling, carrying and riding has been investigated recently by archaeologists Anna-Kaisa Salmi and Sirpa Niinimki. They examined skeletons of four reindeer reported to have been used for traction, and while they did identify some evidence of patterned skeletal wear and tear, it was not consistent enough to be clear evidence without additional support for the reindeers use as a draft animal.   Norwegian biologist Knut Rà ¸ed and colleagues investigated DNA from 193 reindeer samples from Norway, dated between 1000 and 1700 CE. They identified an influx of new haplotypes in reindeer who died in the 16th and 17th centuries. Rà ¸ed and colleagues believe that likely represents trade in reindeer, as the annual winter Smi trading markets including traders from the south and east into Russia were instituted by then.   Sources Anderson, David G., et al. Landscape Agency and Evenki-Iakut Reindeer Husbandry Along the . Human Ecology 42.2 (2014): 249–66. Print.Zhuia River, Eastern SiberiaBosinski, Gerhard. Remarks on the Grave above Burial 2 at the Sungir Site (Russia). Anthropologie 53.1–2 (2015): 215–19. Print.Ingold, Tim. From the Masters Point of View: Hunting . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 24–27. Print. IsSacrificeOShea, John, et al. A 9,000-Year-Old Caribou Hunting Structure beneath Lake Huron. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.19 (2014): 6911–1015. Print.Rautio, Anna-Maria, Torbjà ¶rn Josefsson, and Lars Ãâ€"stlund. Sami Resource Utilization and Site Selection: Historical Harvesting of Inner Bark in Northern Sweden. Human Ecology 42.1 (2014): 137–46. Print.Rà ¸ed, Knut H., Ivar Bjà ¸rklund, and Bjà ¸rnar J. Olsen. From Wild to Domestic Reindeer – Genetic Evidence of a Non-Native Origin of Reindeer Pas toralism in Northern Fennoscandia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (2018): 279–86. Print. Salmi, Anna-Kaisa, and Sirpa Niinimki. Entheseal Changes and Pathological Lesions in Draught Reindeer Skeletons–Four Case Studies from Present-Day Siberia. International Journal of Paleopathology 14 (2016): 91–99. Print.Skarin, Anna, and Birgitta Ã…hman. Do Human Activity and Infrastructure Disturb Domesticated Reindeer? The Need for the Reindeer’s Perspective. Polar Biology 37.7 (2014): 1041–54. Print.Willerslev, Rane, Piers Vitebsky, and Anatoly Alekseyev. Sacrifice as the Ideal Hunt: A Cosmological Explanation for the Origin of Reindeer Domestication. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21.1 (2015): 1–23. Print.

Strategic management Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management Assignment 1 - Essay Example Global Retail Industry Global economy is decelerating due to various reasons such as Euro zone crisis and economic recession started in the year 2008 (Deloitte, 2012). Retailers such as Marks & Spencer, John Lewis, Target, Wal-Mart, Kohl and others are struggling to maintain sales growth while other retail players such as Nordstrom, Saks and Neiman Marcus have recorded same store sales growth of 12% last year. Global retailers are facing following trends to change the dynamics of business operation. Format Retailers are using online channel to increase market penetration and offer product in accordance with demand of customers. Wal-Mart has recently closed their Marketside (grocery store) due to poor return on investment. Wal-Mart has planned to open scalable retail version in order to fulfil demand of space constrained and low population market. The initiative is known as Wal-Mart Express. IKEA has launched their country specific retail format way back in the year 2000. IKEA provide s full home solution in order to fulfil multidimensionality of demand. Walgreen has added food section and medicine segment in their retail format with an intention to diversify product offering. UK based departmental store chain John Lewis has implemented online sales channel in order to offer products to time constrained customer. Merchandising Customers are becoming more demanding due to hypercompetitive nature of the market. Retailers have shifted their focus from selling merchandises to offering product associated with customer trait such as right quality, right price and superior service. Retailers are changing their offering in accordance to local culture and taste. In the changed market dynamics retailers need three things. These three things are explained in the following section. Proper market research on taste and preference of local customers Developing analytics engine such as demand forecasting, store clustering, campaign tracking, price mapping and basic assortment pl anning Technology integration such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), RFID (Radio Frequency Identity) is needed in order to create a effective value chain Online Shopping Study conducted by KPMG shows that digital presence (social media, mobile, web traffic) of retail network has increased manifold in recent years. 40 % of retailers are banking on social networking sites for increasing online presence while remaining 60% still believe that web trafficking is the best way to improve online presence. Global report suggests that online retailing is showing a growth potential of 15% while offline trade channels are growing at a rate of 7% for last two years (Grannis, 2012). Porter Five Force Analysis Threat of New Entrants Global retail industry is passing through a crucial period due to following reasons: Market is becoming saturated in developed countries due to presence of many competitors. Market of developing countries is becoming attractive due to various schemes offered by re spective governments. For example, Chinese government has opened up the economy for foreign retailers by decreasing

Wag the Dog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wag the Dog - Assignment Example This influence of media is clearly seen in the movie entitled Wag the Dog. This paper aims to critique the aforementioned movie in terms of the effects of media and the movie itself as a form of media. Wag the Dog tells the story of a film producer named Stanley Motts, played by Dustin Hoffman and a political adviser, Conrad Brean who is portrayed by Robert De Niro. After a scandal about the president molesting a young girl just a few days before the election, Brean is tasked to ensure his win despite the scandal. Consequently, Brean goes to Motts to â€Å"produce† a war in order to divert the attention of the public to a more important and serious concern. A play about a young Albanian girl running from a village is run as a real news event that mobilized the CIA. Consequently, the produced â€Å"war news† lost its magic when the CIA declared that there are no signs of war or threats on the country. The adviser and producer again make a story about a war hero. This time, the production works its wonders and makes the president a good product. Unfortunately, the producers failed to investigate on the background of their choice actor and they faced the problem of answ ering the possible questions of the people. The producer however, finds a solution to their every problem and they finally bring home their fallen hero for his highly publicized funeral. This made the president’s statistics positive, assuring him of a win during the elections. Meanwhile, the producer craves for the credit for his best production yet. Wanting to protect the confidential information, Brean has to silence Motts. Later, he is announced to have died of a massive heart attack while sunbathing. The president was re-elected and the show continues regarding the Albanian war. The aforementioned movie portrays the effect of media to how people perceive their surroundings. A war can be created and it

Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liberty - Essay Example Liberty can be both unconstructive and helpful. Negative liberty is characterized by nonexistence of impediment or interferences; whereas, positive liberty is an act of taking charge of personal life and appreciating the basic reason of existence. Varying ideologies of liberty entail the association or connection between the society and individuals; these include relation to life under the social contract and the active exercise of freedom and rights as essential to liberty. Liberty and lack of restrictions work interchangeably. In this regard, liberty helps to instill individuality and to suppress individualism. Characteristics of being in a liberal state include; being free, ability to do as one pleases, power to choose think or act on oneself, freedom from subjective or dictatorial control, as well as the positive aspect of social, political and economic right and privileges. Liberty could be divided into three categories, political liberty, which entails the direct impact of justice in relation to personal freedoms or rights. There is also social liberty that alludes to someone’s right to socialization. Finally, economic liberty indicates either the availability or inadequacy of economic power or hindrance by other parties of the individual from the same (Judt, 2011). Liberal is a label that can be respectable and displays less than it conceals. According to Tonny Judit, a liberal is someone who is not in agreement with interference of others affairs, one who tolerates attitudes that may be considered dissenting and unacceptable behavior. Historically, liberals have always been am bassadors, championing for individuals freedom to live freely and as they choose. Liberty does not exist on its own, but it is rooted in inspiring principles, which are interdependent. These principles are collectively referred, as democratic values that are the basis of democracy. These principles include fairness, justice and rights (Friedman 2009). Equality refers to individuals having rights that are free from any biases, since it is based on the notion that people are conceived on equal ground. However, this principle at times is said to contain an assertion that individuals must achieve equal access to wealth or property to, completely, attain this equality. Compared to equality, a libertarian tends to regard liberty as of more significance. They believe one should have the freedom to exercise anything he or she wants unlike being equal to the other. For instance, libertarians believe in suppressing the governments’ influence on its citizens and strongly disagree with t he act of levying taxes to establish large-scale projects. Thomas Jefferson, a libertarian argues that liberty should be natural and is an unchallengeable right. Liberty and equality can coexist coherently in a constitutional government through formulation of a framework that checks the two principles. A right involves responsibility, duties or commitment on other parties

Discussion Questions #1 and #2 Personal Statement

Discussion Questions #1 and #2 - Personal Statement Example Scientific methods are often lengthy, time consuming and very cumbersome. For the analysis to come to completion, therefore, a lot of time, efforts and costs must be expended. The constraints of time and costs are very fundamental and may significantly limit this method a great deal. Furthermore, they must be conducted by well informed individuals who have adequate scientific skills. Where these are lacking, the method’s applicability is hindered. The human population is constantly increasing. Calculating this increase in population is very difficult for a number of reasons. First and foremost, some births are not registered and, therefore, it becomes difficult to know exactly how many children are born especially in developing countries. In addition to this, growth in human population is never uniform world over (Linkov & Ramadan, 2004, p. 67). In some countries or regions, there is unprecedented growth in this population while, in others, it is a bit low. Therefore, most methods used to calculate the population is bound to experience a great degree of

My Ethical Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

My Ethical Theory - Essay Example Consequentialist ethics â€Å"holds that the moral rightness of acts, which holds that whether an act is morally right, depends only on the consequences of that act or of something related to that act, such as the motive behind the act or a general rule requiring acts of the same kind† (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2011 a). This is not utilitarianism which â€Å"generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good† (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy b 2011). It is not also virtue ethics because it does not mean to do just for the sake of being good. Considering the potency of the drug curing many social ills and making people happy, it would be dangerous to keep It secret. One way or another It will leak out and when it does, It will be blown out of proportion. Worst, if It falls into the wrong hands, it would be misused and will only be used for profit and personal gain. The only benefit of keeping the drug secret is that the one who manufactures it will not have to answer a lot of questions. Keeping the drug open will invite a lot of curious questions. It can be tiring but when these inquiries are handled properly, they can actually illuminate and foster understanding and appreciation of the drugs. The negative consequence of bringing the drug into the open is that there may be businesspeople that would become interested in the drug and would use inappropriate means to have it. The ethical principle in my system that would be applicable in judging whether I should use the drug or not is the determination of whether the use of it will do me good or not. The drug has already been scientifically proven that its users felt happy, never violent, never depressed, always in a good mood, quick to laughter and, in general, of  a positive outlook.  

Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Report - Research Paper Example though most companies usually fail to offer any incentives to the franchisees they are engaged with owing to the fact that they (franchisees) are residual claimants, there are a bunch that have seen this as a noble action. Incentives to franchisees can come in the form of discounted franchise fee, reduced royalties and buy-back assurance. Also, a contract extension has been seen by many economists as a major incentive that has produced incredible results in many franchise business models (Barkoff and Selden 101). Discounts and reduced royalties are noticeably the most widely used incentives when it comes to franchising. According to Hero (121), different brands have incorporated these types of incentives because of their effectiveness. It has been reported by many economists as the real motivator that boosts the performance of the franchisees. When brands reduce the royalties and allow discounts, their franchising partners become more enthusiastic and initiate programs and strategies that aim at improving the brand’s marketing. Those brands that extend contract (especially if the franchisees benefits) are also involved directly in offering

My Ethical Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

My Ethical Theory - Essay Example Consequentialist ethics â€Å"holds that the moral rightness of acts, which holds that whether an act is morally right, depends only on the consequences of that act or of something related to that act, such as the motive behind the act or a general rule requiring acts of the same kind† (Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2011 a). This is not utilitarianism which â€Å"generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good† (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy b 2011). It is not also virtue ethics because it does not mean to do just for the sake of being good. Considering the potency of the drug curing many social ills and making people happy, it would be dangerous to keep It secret. One way or another It will leak out and when it does, It will be blown out of proportion. Worst, if It falls into the wrong hands, it would be misused and will only be used for profit and personal gain. The only benefit of keeping the drug secret is that the one who manufactures it will not have to answer a lot of questions. Keeping the drug open will invite a lot of curious questions. It can be tiring but when these inquiries are handled properly, they can actually illuminate and foster understanding and appreciation of the drugs. The negative consequence of bringing the drug into the open is that there may be businesspeople that would become interested in the drug and would use inappropriate means to have it. The ethical principle in my system that would be applicable in judging whether I should use the drug or not is the determination of whether the use of it will do me good or not. The drug has already been scientifically proven that its users felt happy, never violent, never depressed, always in a good mood, quick to laughter and, in general, of  a positive outlook.  

Tory Burch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tory Burch - Research Paper Example rough the use of Social Media E-mails, phone calls (some of which are free for toll calls), and parcels in all its major branches; with 24/7/365days’ Customer Care Services to all its clients. Besides it has ensured effective communication and promotion of its products to all its clients by automatically sending updates of the new arrivals in the market. It offers secure and faster payment methods, besides goods delivery services to clients everywhere around the world. The main strength of Tory Burch is its ability to serve its clients to the levels of satisfaction through quality management; by coming up with acceptable, decent, unique, fashionable, accessible and pocket friendly women accessories. Additionally, it has attained the mark of luxurious lifestyle as its main objective indicated. However it has not been able to make every woman live the luxurious lifestyle, but strategies are underway to ensure all women

Importance-Performance Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Importance-Performance Evaluation Essay 1. 0 Introduction Patronage of any product or service is a function of the satisfaction a consumer derives from its usage. In the case of hotels, patrons tend to equate good service to the facilities and amenities which make their stay as pleasurable and comfortable as can be desired for their money’s worth. It is, therefore, imperative that the hotel management carefully considers customer feedback in addressing hotel improvement initiatives. The purpose of this report is to undertake an Importance-Performance Evaluation of the City Hotel as commissioned by the Griffith University Hotel based from the ratings given by selected business and pleasure travelers on how important the existing hotel facilities were to them and the performance of these facilities in meeting their needs. Preliminary calculations were performed to find the means and standard deviations for each facility which aided in the identification of the five highest and five least most important facilities, as well as the facilities which garnered the five highest and five lowest performance ratings. A scatter plot was then drawn with benchmarks set to indicate acceptable levels of importance and performance. Statistical analysis using the t-test was also conducted to identify significant differences on the respondents’ perceived importance of each hotel facility. Findings revealed that the over-all mean of the importance and performance rating are 2. 83 and 3. 15, respectively. Facilities with the highest importance and performance ratings are in-room cable television and family restaurant, respectively. The two types of travelers differed significantly in their perception of the importance in eight of the 17 facilities evaluated. 2. 0 Research methods This paper made use of Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to identify hotel facilities which are performing well and those that need particular attention from management for improvement and to detect significant differences in the perceived importance of each facility. Utility of the IPA for use in this paper stems from the fact that results may be graphically displayed and interpreted on a two-dimensional grid, simultaneously indicating importance and performance dimensions of the hotel facilities being evaluated. The IPA method of assessment makes use of four sets of data, namely the means, standard deviations, scatter plot and the t-statistic. The t-test was performed using a 0. 05 level of significance. 3. 0 Results Figure 1. Importance – Performance Mean and SD and t-test Results Figure 1 displays the mean and standard deviation of each of the 17 facilities of the City Hotel as evaluated by its patrons, as well as the results of the t-test performed on the importance ratings given by the two types of travellers. As shown in Figure 1, the five most important hotel facilities are the in-room cable television, in-room broadband connection, a-la-carte restaurant, express check-out and the free daily newspaper; while the five least important facilities are the express check-in, valet parking, wireless broadband connection throughout hotel, mini-bar, and tennis courts. The over-all mean of the importance ratings is 2. 83. The facilities with the five highest performance ratings are the family restaurant, express check-out, tennis court, in-room broadband, and in-room pay movies. The five lowest performance ratings were given on the following facilities : wireless broadband connection throughout hotel, valet parking, in-room cable television, mini-bar and tour booking service. The over-all mean of the performance ratings is 3. 15. As expected of an IPA, the scatter plot in Figure 2 presents a visual of the importance and performance ratings. The plot also shows established benchmark standards indicative of acceptable levels of importance and performance. The sector defined by the quadrant at the top right indicates high importance and performance, where facilities are said to be performing well. Hotel facilities identified to be performing well include in-room broad connection, a-la-carte restaurant, swimming pool, express check-out, free daily newspaper and games room. On the other hand, the area covered by the quadrant at the top left portion of the plot signifies facilities of low importance but high performance, and are probably facilities which are being over-resourced like room service, family restaurant, tennis courts and in-room pay movies. Meanwhile, the quadrant at the bottom right portion represents facilities which are of high importance but were given low performance ratings. Such facilities are those that need attention from the management, namely the gymnasium and the in-room cable television. Finally, the quadrant at the bottom left portion of the plot contains the facilities with low importance and performance such as the wireless broadband connection throughout the hotel, mini-bar, express check-in, valet parking and tour booking service. These are the facilities with no real issue to focus attention on. Figure 2. Importance-Performance Scatter Plot Figure 3 next page represents the results of the t-test performed between business travelers and pleasure travelers to ascertain any significant differences in the means of their ratings on the perceived importance of each facility at 0. 05 level of significance. Results of the t-test revealed that there were significant differences in the importance ratings between the business and pleasure travelers in terms of the following facilities: in-room broadband connection, family restaurant, gymnasium, in-room pay movies, express check-in, free daily newspaper, games room and tour booking service. Variable Group P-value Significance (P0. 05) Business Pleasure in-room broadband connection 3. 29 3. 21 0. 01 Yes wireless broadband connection throughout hotel 2. 26 2. 23 0. 09 No room service 2. 64 2. 61 0. 07 No a-la-carte restaurant 2. 97 2. 93 0. 1 No family restaurant 2. 86 2. 88 0 Yes mini-bar 2. 2 2. 18 0. 42 No swimming pool 2. 92 2. 91 0. 22 No gymnasium 3. 01 2. 99 0. 02 Yes tennis courts 1. 94 1. 94 0. 15 No in-room pay movies 2. 95 2. 98 0 Yes in-room cable television (foxtel) 3. 8 3. 8 0. 46 No express check-in 2. 8 2. 84 0. 01 Yes express check-out 2. 86 2. 81 0. 05 No valet parking 2. 53 2. 49 0. 19 No free daily newspaper 2. 74 2. 69 0 Yes games room 2. 95 2. 99 0 Yes tour booking service 2. 84 2. 9 0. 02 Yes 4. 0 Conclusions In summary, the evaluation of the facilities of the City Hotel using IPA indicated that the three facilities with the highest importance and performance ratings and are considered as the strongest areas of service in the hotel are in-room broadband connection, a-la-carte restaurant and express-check-out. Management should see to it that these strengths should be well maintained and upgraded whenever possible. Meanwhile the weakest areas are the tour booking service and valet parking. Future improvement plans should include strategies to revitalize the said facilities in order to ensure continued patronage and possibly improve City Hotel’s share of the market. 5. 0 Recommendations Based from the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are being forwarded : (1) Institute a check-out survey among the hotel guests on how the hotel can be of better service to its patrons particularly in the areas of tour booking service and valet parking. This way, management will be appraised of what measures to undertake to enhance customer satisfaction; (2) Review how the other hotels are delivering their tour booking and valet-parking services and take on initiatives which will make City Hotel’s facilities comparable or the best among its class; (3) Undertake an environmental scan on all facilities being offered by the City Hotel in order to single out problem areas, apply potent solutions and improve service on all facilities, prioritizing areas that need attention like the gymnasium and the in-room cable.

Traumatic Brain Injury Issues among the Maori

Traumatic Brain Injury Issues among the Maori Michelle Anastacio Introduction Traumatic Brain Injury is one of the health issues that Maori people face nowadays. Traumatic brain injury or TBI is caused by a blow or by a traumatic shock to the head or body. The extent of harm may vary on numerous aspects, including how it occured and the severity of impact. According to Brain Injury Support, 90 New Zealanders per day, suffer from mild to severe brain injury and most of them doesn’t seek medical attention. In New Zealand, the large population that suffer from this injury are Moari clients and the most common causes of traumatic brain injury are falls, vehicular accidents and assult. The issue on TBI cases is not only for the increasing mortality rate for children but with the consequences of non-fatal TBI cases for adults as well. Abstract Traumatic head or brain injury is one of the leading cause of fatality and hospitalisation among rich and fast growing countries like New Zealand. This is more prevalent among Maori and Pacific children. This paper aims to help New Zealanders specially Maori clients to be more aware of the importance of seeking medical treatment after accidents that may result to serious head trauma. This is also to promote the existing practices and provisions that are accessible to Maoris and other ethnic group. This will help the healthcare providers check for improvements on health services concerning trauma and how they can better serve the Maori people. Topic Definition Traumatic Brain Injury is best define as an injury acquired from severe jolt or impact to the head that cause brain dysfunction. This type of injury is commonly a result of a violent blow on the head, an object that penetrates the head like a bullet, accidents like fall and vehicular accidents. It may as well include one or more of the following factors; damage to brain cells just below the area of the impact, multiple joint damage that caused the brain to move backwards and forward, bleeding in or around the brain,swelling or blod clot and unrepairable damage to brain cells caused by an explosive device. People that are more susceptible to TBI are newborns to four years of age, young adults between 15 to 24 and elderly aging 75 and older. The sign and symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury or TBI depends on the level of trauma. TBI can be classified as mild, moderate to severe categories. The common physical symptoms of mild TBI are; loss of conciousness for few minutes, being dazed, confused or disoriented, headache,nausea and vomitting and change on sleep pattern.This can be associated by mental issues like agitation, sensitivity to light and sound. They may also display cognitive issues such as memory and concentration problem, mood changes and depression.Where as mild TBI clients may show signs like, persistent headaches that worsens, repeat nausea and vomitting, seizures,dilation of one or both pupils, appearance of clear fluid on nose or ears, numbness or weakness of fingers and toes. Cognetive or mental symptoms such as agitation, unusual behavior, slurred speech, coma or other disorders of conciousness. Although TBI can be categorized into 3 stages depending on their signs and symptoms, it is still essential to co nsult or visit a doctor. The term mild or moderate doesn’t mean a client is safe or won’t suffer any other consequences in the future. Traumatic Brain Injury can cause a person to have difficulty with social interaction and may have family relationship problems if not treated or was not given a proper attention. Traumatic Brain Injury can lead to several complications if its’ not assessed and treated correctly. TBI can lead to distorted conciousness like coma, locked in syndrome and brain death. It can also cause seizures, fluid build up infection for those who have skull breakage and damaged on brain cells or nerves that can lead to paralysis of face. The test and assessment of TBI is done with the aid of Glasgow Coma Scale. This scale helps healthcare professional to assess the severity of the injury. Further tests like computerized tomorgraphy scan or what we commonly call â€Å"CT Scan† and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a detailed view of the brain for healthcare personnel to rapidly see any signs of TBI. Significance of the Discussion Since the number of Maori clients who suffer from traumatic brain injury is increasing and most of them don’t seek medical treatment or are not aware of how traumatic brain injury can affect their lives as well as how and what help they get from New Zealand Government. There are concerns that expalin on why traumatic brain injury among Maori is significant. Currently, the statistics of TBI cases here in New Zealand are still inaccurate due to the fact that some of the healthcare providers don’t have the proper coding of the injury. There are times that mild TBI injuries don’t seek further medical attention whick means there’s a huge possibility that they won’t make ACC claims and won’t be identified by ACC. Among children, unintentional head injuries are the leading cause of death in New Zealand specifically for children aging 1 to 14 years old. On the other hand, non-fatal head injuries cause a huge impact not only to the childs’ life but their families as well. The family members’ level of stress and accessibility of trauma services are the main concern. Adults, according to different studies 91% of Maori prisoners here in New Zealand suffered at least 1 head injury in their lives. The issue of Maori offenders in relation to behaviour issues that somehow connected to traumatic brain injury is increasing. Traumatic Brain Injury can incorporate serious public safety risks. Since, brain trauma can affect the behaviour of an individual, the Department of Corrections now provides programmes that supports the rehabilitation and corrections of any cognitive and mental issues of prisoners with TBI. These programmes aim to reduce the re offenders specially among Maori. It also essential that health care services will be well equiped and develop strategies to empower Maoris with the relevant oral and written information to cope with the difficulties brought by traumatic brain injuries. Barriers in improving services for Traumatic Brain Injury Though New Zealand Government and Ministry of Health know the importance of making sure that TBI clients get the proper attention, barriers to implement the procedures is one of the aspect that needs to be addressed. The Kaitiaki and Pacific Support is a group that helps Maori and Pacific Islanders by providing them with practical and emotional support. The main issue that they face in providing provision is the limit when it comes to their budget because they don’t have their own funds or resources and they often need to get an approval from social workers. There are times that families are hesitant to approach or accept help from Kaitiaki and Pacific Support because they mistake them as social workers and Maoris and Pacific are worried that they might take their child away. Language barrier is another factor why Maori and other ethnicity like Pacific don’t get the right help for a family member with TBI. These ethnic group are often cautious of their confidentiality. They think that if they’ll get an interpreter their privacy will be snatch from them. Another barrier that is connected to language is gathering the correct information. The key workers of the Kaitiaki and Pacific Support knows the significance of accurate information to ensure that the TBI client and family members are given the correct support,treatment and rehabilitation. Precise data not only save the clients and their family from wrong treatment but it also helps the healthcare personnels and be certain that the client and family members understand what needs to be done and the process of rehabilitation to accelerate the clients’ recovery. Printed or written information like booklets that are given to parents and children also needs to be comprehensive, to ensure they grasp the facts that they need. The increasing population and healthcare provision demands influence the delivery of health and disability services as well. Shortage on healthcare personnels and poor staff continuity becomes a burden. The process of transferring of a TBI client from one healthcare provision to another, from one hospital to other facility and the collection and administration of care methods from one staff to another. There are also times where family members are frustrated that they need to repeat the same information to differen healthcare professional staffs and they receive conflicting data from different health personnels that confuses them. The last difficulty that most client and families experience are the issues they undergo after hospital discharge. Since in most cases where TBI was classified as mild trauma, it is often overlooked by healthcarers that parents or guardians are not yet equiped with enough knowledge to handle or provide the proper care that the client needs. This can affect the speed or process of the clients’ recovery or can even worsen the situation. Current Best Practice to manage Traumatic Brain Injury in New Zealand The current practice in New Zealand to manage Traumatic Brain Injuries are the acute phase provision and rehabilitation. In most cases, TBI clients are cared by general practioners, emergency departments, accidents and medical provisions, ambulances, sport coaches and teachers at schools. Any suspected serious brain injuries are assessed in the nearest hospitals that provide services for assessment and treatment immediate results of TBI. There are still small number of TBI clients who are trasnported to tertiary hospitals for neurosurgical procedures. Most cases are assessed in the Emergency Department where patients are not admitted or only stay in the hospital for a short period or time. The next stage of TBI management is rehabilitation. There are several range of rehabilitation available in all major centers in New Zealand. The rehabilitation depends on the care the client needs. Clients who suffered from mild TBI are given assessment and Residential rehabilitation. This type of service provides support for mild TBI clients at the comfort of their own home. The aim of this programme is to help clients gain their maximum independence. There are DBH and Non DHB provisions that operates in New Zealand to support people with mild TBI for an early and timely assessment and rehab. Nowadays, there are seven concussion clinics in New Zealand for clients with mild TBI. On the other hand, people with moderate to severe TBI can access Non- Residential Rehabilitation. ACC offer two provisions for clients with severe TBI. These are Active Rehabilitation and Residential Support Services. Active Rehabilitation Services means client with moderate serious TBI are being cared in a community based facility. These are for clients that are medically stable but need support due to their cognitive or physical disabilitites. This service is not age specified except the Wilson Center that only caters TBI cases among children. The aim of this provision is to help clients to eventually re-enter or to go back to community. The duration of care on this type of rehabilitation may varry from few weeks to few months. Residential Support Services let clients to live in a home like environment as they get medical assistance 24 hours a day. This provision offer care for those who have serious TBI and are expected to recover on long period of time. The goal of this rehabilitation is to encourage independence while maintaining a safe environment for people who can’t live independently due to the consequences of TBI. This type of of rehabilitation is also called as â€Å"slow-stream† rehabilitation. Clients in these type of rehab are not necessarily expected to improve their levels of independence in a rapid or fast phase. Healthcare professional in this setting supports not only the medical needs of the clients but the physical and emotional needs as well. This provision is not maily focus on severe cases of TBI but for those who are unable to rehabilitate to the society. This type of rehab is only accessible to New Zealand residents who are under 65 years old and doesn’t have a l ong term disability that is not covered by ACC. Recently, a new project to best handle TBI rehabilitation was created. The Traumatic Brain Injury Residential Rehabilitation (TBIRR) project. This project replaced the Active Rehab services and Residential Rehab services. TBIRR have 3 vendors that brings a more qualified and rapid interventions. The North and upper South islands of NZ have two sites in Auckland and Wellington. The Canterbury and West Coast have a center based in Christchurch which is the Laura Ferguson Trust and the ISIS Center which is located in Dunedin covers the lower South Islands. According to Mr. Miller, â€Å"The new service recognises that early, intensive rehabilitation is crucial to a successful recovery, but the support provided must also be individually tailored and reflect clients’ changing needs as they become less dependent on full-time care.† Best Practice to manage the issues related to Traumatic Brain Injury Ministry of Health conducted researches and surveys to identify the gaps or rooms for improvent in providing care for trauma cases. According to MOH, the survey suggested that a specialisation in Traumatic Brain Injury will be the best practice to properly address the treatment and rehabilitation issues. More consumers supported the idea that it will be better if there will be TBI experts that will focus on TBI clients’ needs rather than the convenient widespread services that healthcare facilities currently offer. However, New Zealand healthcare providers are still reluctant to follow this practice because it suggests â€Å"centralization†. â€Å"References: Cavit, M. and Foster, A., (n.d.). Traumatic brain injuries among Corrections populations: implications and intervention strategies. Rectived from http://www.rethinking.org.nz/assets/Newsletter_pdf/Issue_81/06 TBI in Corrections Populations NZ 2010.pdf . Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014. Disease and Conditions. Traumatic Brain Injury. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/basics/prevention/con-20029302. Ameratunga, S. , Abel, S. , Tin tin, S. , Asiasiga, L. , Milne, S. and Crengle, S. (2010). Biomed Central. BMC Health Services Research Article, Children addmitted to hospital following unintentional injury: persperctives of health providers in Aoteroa/ New Zealand. New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG) , 2007. Evidence- Based Best Practice Guidline. Traumatic Brain Injury: Diagnosis, Acute Management and Rehabilitation. The Brain Injury Association of New Zealand Inc. Brain Injury New Zealand. [Online] 2007. [Cited: Feb 17, 2010.] http://www.brain-injury.org.nz Ministry of Health. Tatau Kahukura: Maori Health Chart Book, Public Health Intelligence Monitoring Report No. 5. Wellington : Ministry of Health, 2006 Well Said, 2013. New approach aims to enhance rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Retrieved from http://wellsaid.co.nz/noticeboard/notices/new-approach-aims-to-enhance-rehabilitation-after-traumatic-brain-injury/†

What Are Blogs? :: Definiton Internet Blogs Paperes

What Are Blogs? When I decided to write about blogs I thought I would use a traditional and simple method of arrangement: what is a blog, where did they come from, what are people doing with them as far as writing instruction goes and then say a bit about what I’ve done with them and why I think they are a promising form of writing pedagogy. But I quickly discovered that people have yet to fully agree on a single definition of a blog. I also discovered an intense amount of hype and gripe. There are those who think the blog will take over the world, and others who think that will be a bad thing. You’ve no doubt heard these arguments before regarding other online phenomenon—that because blogging requires no technical skill and is free, anyone can instantly publish anything and therefore either A) it will democratize information flow, liberate the repressed, illuminate the shady, discredit the liars, and save the world from SARS and terrorists or B) it will fill people’ s minds with the sort of un-edited, un-checked, un-educated crap that your average person thinks about stuff he doesn’t really understand going on in places he can’t locate on a map. Like you, I’m guessing, I want neither to leap on this bandwagon nor to snap at its wheels. I just want to figure out what a blog is and how I can use it to help my students learn more about writing. To that end I would like to share my current working definition of a blog, and talk a bit about what I’ve done with them so far and why I think blogging is a good way to teach and talk about writing. I’m actually more interested in hearing your take on blogs than I am in my own, so I won’t ramble on. For my purposes, a blog is a single authored, regularly updated, minimally edited, publicly viewable website consisting of links and commentary presented in reverse chronological order. Blogs function as content filters. Blogs also encourage and facilitate comments from readers and thus offer the opportunity for interactive communication. When defined in this way, blogs are different from similar forms of online writing. An online diary, for example, would have the same chronology and single author but would tend to focus on the life of the writer rather than on websites of interest to the author and her intended audience. What Are Blogs? :: Definiton Internet Blogs Paperes What Are Blogs? When I decided to write about blogs I thought I would use a traditional and simple method of arrangement: what is a blog, where did they come from, what are people doing with them as far as writing instruction goes and then say a bit about what I’ve done with them and why I think they are a promising form of writing pedagogy. But I quickly discovered that people have yet to fully agree on a single definition of a blog. I also discovered an intense amount of hype and gripe. There are those who think the blog will take over the world, and others who think that will be a bad thing. You’ve no doubt heard these arguments before regarding other online phenomenon—that because blogging requires no technical skill and is free, anyone can instantly publish anything and therefore either A) it will democratize information flow, liberate the repressed, illuminate the shady, discredit the liars, and save the world from SARS and terrorists or B) it will fill people’ s minds with the sort of un-edited, un-checked, un-educated crap that your average person thinks about stuff he doesn’t really understand going on in places he can’t locate on a map. Like you, I’m guessing, I want neither to leap on this bandwagon nor to snap at its wheels. I just want to figure out what a blog is and how I can use it to help my students learn more about writing. To that end I would like to share my current working definition of a blog, and talk a bit about what I’ve done with them so far and why I think blogging is a good way to teach and talk about writing. I’m actually more interested in hearing your take on blogs than I am in my own, so I won’t ramble on. For my purposes, a blog is a single authored, regularly updated, minimally edited, publicly viewable website consisting of links and commentary presented in reverse chronological order. Blogs function as content filters. Blogs also encourage and facilitate comments from readers and thus offer the opportunity for interactive communication. When defined in this way, blogs are different from similar forms of online writing. An online diary, for example, would have the same chronology and single author but would tend to focus on the life of the writer rather than on websites of interest to the author and her intended audience.

Modern Language Association Essay

The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is the most used format in doing papers especially with Liberal Arts and Humanities subjects (Purdue Owl). This format is based primarily on the author’s name and page number format. But before we start discussing how to cite sources, we must first learn how to properly format the paper using MLA. According to the OWL at Purdue website, the paper size should be a standard 8. 5 x 11 inches with 1-inch margin on all sides. The paper should be double-spaced using a formal font style such as Times New Roman in 12 pts. On all pages of the paper, a header that includes the last name of the owner of the paper and page numbers should be placed. The first lines of the paper should be indented to the left and one line apart: First and Last Name of the owner of the paper, name of professor, Subject/Course, and the date. Once these things are set up, the paper could now be officially started; the title of the paper should be at the center one line following the date (Purdue Owl). There are two basic ways of doing an in-text citation using MLA format. The first is using signal phrases — naming the author first in the sentence and then placing in parentheses the page number where the citation came from after the cited words. The second is including the last name of the author in the parenthetical citation, written before the page number and without any marks between them. If a particular source has no author mentioned, there are also two ways on how to properly cite the material. First is to use the title of the work as a signal phrase or place a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citation. In case of sources where an organization can be used as the source, use the name of the organization as if it was the author. If page numbers are missing, like in web sites, just include the name of the author, again, either as a signal phrase or a parenthetical citation (â€Å"MLA in-text citations† 2).

Kinetic

We can use many of Technique or methods for separating of compounds or mixtures .and we can by those methods studying of kinetic for reactions ,determine of reaction rate and reaction order . some of those methods are : mass spectrometric , spectrometric and Chromatographic Methods . But in this paper I just talk about chromatographic method . exactly, gas chromatography . Chromatography:Few methods of chemical analysis are truly specific to a particular analyte. It is often found that the analyte of interest must be separated from the myriad of individual compounds that may be present in a sample. As well as providing the analytical scientist with methods of separation, chromatographic techniques can also provide methods of analysis . Chromatography involves a sample (or sample extract) being dissolved in a mobile phase (which may be a gas, a liquid or a supercritical fluid). The mobile phase is then forced through an immobile, immiscible stationary phase. The phases are chosen such that components of the sample have differing solubility in each phase. A component which is quite soluble in the stationary phase will take longer to travel through it than a component which isn't very soluble in the stationary phase but very soluble in the mobile phase. As a result of these differences in mobilities , sample components will become separated from each other as they travel through the stationary phase. Gas chromatography methods that are used for studying first-order reaction kinetics by gas chromatography : (1) classical kinetic methods where samples of batch-wise kinetic studies are analyzed by enantioselective gas chromatography, (2) stopped-flow methods performed on one chiral column, (3) stopped-flow methods performed on an achiral column or empty capillary coupled in series with two chiral columns, (4) on-flow method performed on an achiral column coupled in series with two chiral columns, and (5) reaction gas chromatography, known as a dynamic gas chromatography. The following procedures have been developed to determination peak areas of reaction constituents in such complex chromatograms: (i) methods based on computer-assisted simulations of chromatograms where the kinetic activation parameters for the interconversion of enantiomers are obtained by iterative comparison of experimental and simulated chromatograms, (ii) stochastic methods based on the simulation of Gaussian distribution functions and using a time-dependent probability density function, (iii) approximation function and unified equation, (iv) computer-assisted peak deconvolution methods. Fast reaction :Reaction between metal carbonate and acid.- Reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid :CaCO3 + 2HCl -; CaCl2 + H2O + CO2Reaction between reactive metal and water .-reaction between lithium and water :2Li + 2H2O -; 2LiOH + H2Combustion .-combustion of magnesium in oxygen .2Mg + O2 -; 2MgOPrecipitation (double decomposition )-precipitation of silver (I) chloride :AgNO3 + HCl -; AgCl + HNO3 Rate :The rate can be measured using apparatus on the rightrate of reaction = d[CaCl2] / t ,or d[CO2] / t or d[H2O] the rate can be decrease or increase with change of temperature , concentration , pressure , surface area or size of molecules .concentration : when the concentration is decrease the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10 . But we decrease of concentration of calcium carbonate to 2 .rate = -d[2] / 10 .pressure and temperature : also when decrease the pressure or temperature the rate decrease .example : 3 g of calcium carbonate react with 5 g of hydrochloric acid to produce 3 g of carbon dioxide in 10s at 25C and 1atm. rate = -d [CaCO3] / t = -d[3] / 10s . but the time is increase to 20s , because the pressure decrease to 0.5 and temperature decrease to 15 , so the rate = -d [3] / 20s . In a chemical reaction the reactant decrease over time and product increase over time . The rate will decrease over time as the hydrochloric acid is used up (its concentration decreases)The graph in after page shows the volume of gas produced over time in the reaction between HCl and CaCO3 .All three reactions result in the same amount of CO2 gas being produced; however the higher the concentration of HCl, the faster the rate of reaction, thus the less time it takes for the reaction to be complete . The table below shows the time taken to produce 50cm3Â  of CO2Â  for each concentration of HCl :Rate of reaction / cm3 of CO2 s-1 Time take to produce 50 cm3 of CO2/1s Concentration of HCl /mold m-30.86 58 2.00.42 120 2.00,21 235 0.5 From the results in the table above, it can be worked out that the rate of reaction is directionally proportional to the concentration of hydrochloric acid, so if you halve the concentration of HCl will be halved, if you quarter the concentration, the rate will be quartered . rate = k [HCl]1 Order :The order of a reaction is not necessarily an integer. The following orders are possible :Zero: A zero order indicates that the concentration of that species does not affect the rate of a reaction .Negative integer: A negative order indicates that the concentration of that species INVERSELY affects the rate of a reaction .Positive integer: A positive order indicates that the concentration of that species DIRECTLY affects the rate of a reaction . Non-Integer: Non-integer orders, both positive and negative, represent more intricate relationships between concentrations and rate in more complex reactions.So, in The reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is said to be first order with respect to hydrochloric acid .This is because the rate depends upon the concentration of hydrochloric acid to the power one . Technique :we can measure of rate of carbon dioxide by gas chromatography , gas chromatography can separating of compound by boiling point , and you can analyze results on your computer and measuring of rate of CO2 .and you can determine of rate by flow reaction that may be is easer method .

Burberry history Essay

Barberry was founded in 1856; originally focusing on producing ‘innovative functional outwear. ‘ over the years Barberry has adapted to changing trends and tastes to suit the consumers wants and needs. Additionally the extension of their product portfolio, for example their perfume and accessories range, Is a response to competition from leading brands such as Ralph Lauren and others. Barberry set out to create a luxury, premium brand image, however in recent years in Britain especially, the public perception of Barberry products have been labeled as ‘chap kook’ because of their distinctive tartan pattern on clothing. In September 201 2 the high brand luxury clothing company Barberry issued a profit warning taking El ban off Buyers market value resulting with a share fall of 19%. We are currently In an economic recession which has resulted In less consumer confidence and a trend of reduced spending habits. However the types of consumers that purchase brands like Barberry would usually not be effected by the economic recession. They are likely to have much more disposable income and secure well- paid Jobs. Retail analyst Joana Satyrs stated that â€Å"The global economic crawls Is dragging on and the longer It drags on the less confident even wealthier Individuals become†. Meaning that even those with more disposable Income to spend on luxury goods such as Barberry, are less confident which Is a major factor resulting In reduced spending habits. If consumers are spending less the company is likely to result in profit losses. If the problem deteriorates it can result in closing of stores and making staff redundant; adding to the already high unemployment figures Barberry s a luxury brand is not immune from the economic instability which has seen weaker sales not only in the UK but globally. From researching Buyers share decrease we can see that the 2012 London Olympics has played a major factor in profit loss. The types of customers buying Barberry products are likely to live in expensive locations such as London; Barberry state that the London Olympics pulled tourists away from shopping and pushed them more towards visiting the Olympic park and stadium and spending their money on souvenirs. However due to the economic recession and the trend of reduced pending habits, Buyers luxury high priced goods were Increasingly likely to see reduced sales. Although wealthier Individuals are likely to be unaffected by the economic recession, the Auk’s high unemployment rate has made Buyers customer base even more restricted than before. In contrast to Buyers view that the Olympics contributed to their profit loss, we believe that the Olympics helped the Auk’s unemployment rate hugely giving more individuals and potential customers more disposable income. However now that the Olympics are over, it can shift focus onto spending more on brands such as Barberry. In comparison; lower priced stores such as Tops and H & M are receiving higher likely to buy from stores that have fashionable styles and a wider variety of clothing at much lower prices. BBC business news (twitter) stated that â€Å"UK retail sales rise as shoppers buy winter clothing† and that â€Å"sales volumes were up 0. 6% in the last month†. Individuals are much more likely to spend EYE – OHIO on a coat rather than an IEEE one; especially during the economic recession. Taking the above into account, there are a number of ways in which Barberry could improve their economic position in the retail market. While Barberry are not in a state of danger as it stands, if their profit and share prices were to decrease further they may have to cut their costs. This could see a decrease in quality of their products resulting to a decline in brand loyalty and a future reduction in sales. One way Barberry could improve their situation is by re-marketing their product range to appeal to a different target audience, that of the middle and working class. Evidence suggests that lower priced stores (Tops and H&M) have been benefiting as a result of their lower prices. If Barberry were to adjust their position in the market, closer to that of H&M they may wreak the rewards. However, we think that Barberry may tarnish their entire business reputation if they do so. It takes many years to achieve a high brand reputation like that of Barberry and it would be a massive risk to put it all on the line. Also the lower priced retailers market is dominated by a few big players and is extremely competitive, making it harder for Barberry to establish itself in the lower priced category. We think that Barberry should ‘ride out the storm’ for the time being. If anything is to be done it should be investing more into marketing and branding to appeal to the upper middle-class. Although this would be costly initially, sales should pick up over time; improving Buyers share price and profits. Furthermore, in the meantime it would be easy for Barberry to take advantage of the current state of ‘national pride’ (following the Olympics) and go back to basics promoting the ‘Brutishness’ of their brand. Another way in which Barberry can improve their current situation is by taking a similar approach to Versa by launching a more economical clothing range with gig street brands such as H&M. For Barberry to differentiate themselves they can instead launch their clothing range with Ezra rather than H&M. Reason being that they types of clothes they offer are very similar in terms of sophistication and quality. This method was very successful with Versa as their line with H&M sold out within 30 minutes. By introducing a more affordable clothing line, Barberry will advantage from an increase in sales and profits as demand from consumers will increase. The cheaper they market their new clothing range the more people would want to buy it s they will be purchasing Barberry clothing for a faction of the cost.